May combine this option with others, e.g., tar -tvf.Ĭreate a TAR archive named archive.tar containing Y.Įxtract the TAR archive named archive.tar. Get verbose output while manipulating TAR archives. tar, etc.) with large or complex contents, such as programs. These commands are for unpacking compressed files (. Ignore the case of patt.įind all files in /path/to/src matching the pattern " *.sh" in the file name.įind all files in the /home directory larger than 100MB.Īrrange lines of text in X alphabetically or numerically. Write to standard output the names of files containing patt. Return lines in X not matching the specified patt. Search recursively (the target directory /path/to/src and its subdirectories) for a text pattern patt. Commonly used with pipe e.g., ps aux | grep python3 filters out the processes containing python3 from all running processes of all users. These commands help you find the files you want. Redirect output and error messages of cmd to file. Hence there are only 4 lines in the standard input delimited by EOF. Redirect output of a command cmd to a file file. | is the pipe character feeds the output of the command cmd1 and sends it to the command cmd2, e.g., ps aux | grep python3. Commandĭisplay a line of TEXT or the contents of a variable.Īlso interprets escape characters in TEXT, e.g., \n → new line, \b → backslash, \t → tab. These are helpful for logging program output and error messages. Often used with pipe, e.g., cat file.txt | lessĬreate symbolic link of path A to link name S. Read a file with forward and backward navigation. Overwriting X or modifying X with a text editor such as vim would mess up this command’s output. If more than a single file is specified, each file is preceded by a header consisting of the string " => X X <='' where " X'' is the name of the file.ĭisplay entire contents of the file(s) X specified, with header of respective file namesĭisplay the last 10 lines of the file(s) X specified, and track changes appended to them at the end. Opens X in the default text editor (macOS: TextEdit)Ĭreate an empty file X or update the access and modification times of X.ĭisplay the first 10 lines of X. Remove a directory Y permanently, provided Y is empty. Recursively delete a directory Y and its contentsįorcibly remove file X without prompts or confirmationįorcibly remove directory Y and its contents recursively If Z exists, copy source Y into it otherwise, create Z and Y becomes its subdirectory with Y’s contents Recursively copy a directory Y and its contents to Z. f2/expenses.txt simultaneously copies the file file.txt to the new location with a new name expenses.txt. Usage similar to mv both in moving to a new directory and simultaneously renaming the file in its new location.Įxample: cp. Renaming a file: mv new_doc.txt expenses.txtĬopy a file from path A to path B. The file name will remain unchanged, and its new path will be. Moving between directories folder1 and folder2: Make a new directory named X inside the current directory. Outputs the difference.ĭisplay the path of the current working directory. No output if A and B are identical, outputs character and line number otherwise.Ĭompare two files A and B for differences. Up one level to enclosing folder or parent directoryĬompare two files A and B for sameness. Sort the files/folders according to the last modified time/date, starting with the most recently modified item May be combined with ls -l to form ls -al. Options include -l, -a, -t which you may combine, e.g., -alt.Īlso show details of each item displayed, such as user permissions and the time/date when the item was last modifiedĪlso display hidden files/folders. List the names of files and subfolders in the current directory. Wildcard symbol referring to a single character, e.g., Doc?.docx can refer to Doc1.docx, DocA.docx, etc. Wildcard symbol for variable length, e.g., *.txt refers to all files with the TXT extension In the following commands: X may refer to a single file, a string containing a wildcard symbol referring to a set of multiple files, e.g., file*.txt, or the stream output of a piped command (in which case the syntax would be X | command instead of command X) Y is a single directory A and B are path strings of files/directories. You’ll need them the most when operating Linux. We recommend that you memorize these commands. Frequently Asked Questions Essential Commands.Process Management and Performance Monitoring.
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